The present volume is a collection of articles based on the papers delivered at an international conference that took place in August 1999, in Warsaw. Most articles included in this volume tackle the distrubing question: how did people react when their neighbors were made outcasts, humiliated, deported and later vanished without a trace? Featured in the volume are selected studies of both established scholars and young researchers who attempt to clarify and analyze the attitudes of clerical institutions, official institutions, and resistance organizations.